Prompt Title: Java Tilida Threads Ma'lumoti

Sure! Here's a complete and basic explanation of Threads in Java:

What are Threads in Java?

In Java, a thread is a lightweight, independent path of execution within a program. It allows a program to perform multiple tasks concurrently, enabling better utilization of system resources and improving the application's responsiveness.

Creating Threads in Java:

There are two main ways to create threads in Java:

1. Extending the Thread class:

You can create a thread by extending the java.lang.Thread class and overriding the run() method, which contains the code to be executed by the thread.

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class MyThread extends Thread {
    public void run() {
        // Code to be executed by the thread
    }
}

// Creating and starting the thread
MyThread thread = new MyThread();
thread.start();

2. Implementing the Runnable interface:

Another way to create threads is by implementing the java.lang.Runnable interface, which requires implementing the run() method.

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class MyRunnable implements Runnable {
    public void run() {
        // Code to be executed by the thread
    }
}

// Creating and starting the thread
MyRunnable myRunnable = new MyRunnable();
Thread thread = new Thread(myRunnable);
thread.start();

Thread States in Java:

A thread can be in one of the following states during its lifecycle:

1. New: The thread is created but not yet started.
2. Runnable: The thread is ready to run and waiting for its turn on the CPU.
3. Running: The thread is currently being executed.
4. Blocked: The thread is waiting for a resource (e.g., I/O operation) and cannot proceed.
5. Terminated: The thread has completed its task and terminated its execution.

Thread Priority:

Java threads have priorities ranging from 1 to 10, where 1 is the lowest priority, and 10 is the highest. The default priority is 5. Threads with higher priorities are more likely to get CPU time, but priority alone does not guarantee execution order.

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Thread thread = new Thread();
thread.setPriority(Thread.MAX_PRIORITY); // Sets the thread priority to the highest (10)

Thread Joining:

The join() method allows one thread to wait for the completion of another thread. It is useful when you want to ensure that certain tasks are completed before proceeding further.

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Thread thread1 = new Thread();
Thread thread2 = new Thread();

thread1.start();
thread2.start();

try {
    thread1.join();
    thread2.join();
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
    e.printStackTrace();
}

Thread Synchronization:

In multithreaded programs, multiple threads may access shared resources concurrently, leading to data inconsistency and errors. To avoid this, Java provides synchronization mechanisms using the synchronized keyword and the java.util.concurrent package.

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class Counter {
    private int count;

    public synchronized void increment() {
        count++;
    }
}

Thread Interruption:

Threads can be interrupted to stop their execution. You can use the interrupt() method to set the interrupt status of a thread and isInterrupted() to check whether a thread has been interrupted.

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Thread thread = new Thread();

// ...

thread.interrupt();

// In the run() method of the thread, you can check for interruption using isInterrupted():
public void run() {
    while (!Thread.currentThread().isInterrupted()) {
        // Code to be executed by the thread
    }
}

Thread Pooling:

Creating a new thread for each task can be inefficient, especially for short-lived tasks. Java provides thread pooling via the ExecutorService and related classes, which allows you to reuse existing threads from a pool for multiple tasks.

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ExecutorService executor = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(5);

for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
    Runnable task = new MyRunnable();
    executor.execute(task);
}

executor.shutdown();

Best Practices:

• Always handle thread synchronization properly to avoid race conditions and data inconsistencies.
• Avoid using stop() method, as it can lead to unpredictable behavior. Instead, use a flag or interruption to stop threads gracefully.
• Use thread pooling for managing multiple tasks efficiently.
• Be cautious of deadlocks, where two or more threads are blocked forever waiting for each other.

Thread programming in Java allows you to harness the power of concurrent execution, but it also requires careful consideration to avoid common pitfalls like race conditions and deadlocks.